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GRIB Data Example¶
GRIB format is commonly used to disseminate atmospheric model data. With xarray and the cfgrib engine, GRIB data can easily be analyzed and visualized.
[1]:
import xarray as xr
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
To read GRIB data, you can use xarray.load_dataset
. The only extra code you need is to specify the engine as cfgrib
.
[2]:
ds = xr.tutorial.load_dataset("era5-2mt-2019-03-uk.grib", engine="cfgrib")
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
gaierror Traceback (most recent call last)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/connection.py:198, in HTTPConnection._new_conn(self)
197 try:
--> 198 sock = connection.create_connection(
199 (self._dns_host, self.port),
200 self.timeout,
201 source_address=self.source_address,
202 socket_options=self.socket_options,
203 )
204 except socket.gaierror as e:
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py:60, in create_connection(address, timeout, source_address, socket_options)
58 raise LocationParseError(f"'{host}', label empty or too long") from None
---> 60 for res in socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
61 af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
File /usr/lib/python3.13/socket.py:977, in getaddrinfo(host, port, family, type, proto, flags)
976 addrlist = []
--> 977 for res in _socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, type, proto, flags):
978 af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
gaierror: [Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
NameResolutionError Traceback (most recent call last)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:787, in HTTPConnectionPool.urlopen(self, method, url, body, headers, retries, redirect, assert_same_host, timeout, pool_timeout, release_conn, chunked, body_pos, preload_content, decode_content, **response_kw)
786 # Make the request on the HTTPConnection object
--> 787 response = self._make_request(
788 conn,
789 method,
790 url,
791 timeout=timeout_obj,
792 body=body,
793 headers=headers,
794 chunked=chunked,
795 retries=retries,
796 response_conn=response_conn,
797 preload_content=preload_content,
798 decode_content=decode_content,
799 **response_kw,
800 )
802 # Everything went great!
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:488, in HTTPConnectionPool._make_request(self, conn, method, url, body, headers, retries, timeout, chunked, response_conn, preload_content, decode_content, enforce_content_length)
487 new_e = _wrap_proxy_error(new_e, conn.proxy.scheme)
--> 488 raise new_e
490 # conn.request() calls http.client.*.request, not the method in
491 # urllib3.request. It also calls makefile (recv) on the socket.
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:464, in HTTPConnectionPool._make_request(self, conn, method, url, body, headers, retries, timeout, chunked, response_conn, preload_content, decode_content, enforce_content_length)
463 try:
--> 464 self._validate_conn(conn)
465 except (SocketTimeout, BaseSSLError) as e:
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:1093, in HTTPSConnectionPool._validate_conn(self, conn)
1092 if conn.is_closed:
-> 1093 conn.connect()
1095 # TODO revise this, see https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/2791
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/connection.py:704, in HTTPSConnection.connect(self)
703 sock: socket.socket | ssl.SSLSocket
--> 704 self.sock = sock = self._new_conn()
705 server_hostname: str = self.host
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/connection.py:205, in HTTPConnection._new_conn(self)
204 except socket.gaierror as e:
--> 205 raise NameResolutionError(self.host, self, e) from e
206 except SocketTimeout as e:
NameResolutionError: <urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f69a669fe00>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
MaxRetryError Traceback (most recent call last)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/requests/adapters.py:667, in HTTPAdapter.send(self, request, stream, timeout, verify, cert, proxies)
666 try:
--> 667 resp = conn.urlopen(
668 method=request.method,
669 url=url,
670 body=request.body,
671 headers=request.headers,
672 redirect=False,
673 assert_same_host=False,
674 preload_content=False,
675 decode_content=False,
676 retries=self.max_retries,
677 timeout=timeout,
678 chunked=chunked,
679 )
681 except (ProtocolError, OSError) as err:
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:841, in HTTPConnectionPool.urlopen(self, method, url, body, headers, retries, redirect, assert_same_host, timeout, pool_timeout, release_conn, chunked, body_pos, preload_content, decode_content, **response_kw)
839 new_e = ProtocolError("Connection aborted.", new_e)
--> 841 retries = retries.increment(
842 method, url, error=new_e, _pool=self, _stacktrace=sys.exc_info()[2]
843 )
844 retries.sleep()
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/util/retry.py:519, in Retry.increment(self, method, url, response, error, _pool, _stacktrace)
518 reason = error or ResponseError(cause)
--> 519 raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, reason) from reason # type: ignore[arg-type]
521 log.debug("Incremented Retry for (url='%s'): %r", url, new_retry)
MaxRetryError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/era5-2mt-2019-03-uk.grib (Caused by NameResolutionError("<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f69a669fe00>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)"))
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
ConnectionError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[2], line 1
----> 1 ds = xr.tutorial.load_dataset("era5-2mt-2019-03-uk.grib", engine="cfgrib")
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/xarray/tutorial.py:215, in load_dataset(*args, **kwargs)
178 def load_dataset(*args, **kwargs) -> Dataset:
179 """
180 Open, load into memory, and close a dataset from the online repository
181 (requires internet).
(...)
213 load_dataset
214 """
--> 215 with open_dataset(*args, **kwargs) as ds:
216 return ds.load()
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/xarray/tutorial.py:167, in open_dataset(name, cache, cache_dir, engine, **kws)
164 downloader = pooch.HTTPDownloader(headers=headers)
166 # retrieve the file
--> 167 filepath = pooch.retrieve(
168 url=url, known_hash=None, path=cache_dir, downloader=downloader
169 )
170 ds = _open_dataset(filepath, engine=engine, **kws)
171 if not cache:
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pooch/core.py:239, in retrieve(url, known_hash, fname, path, processor, downloader, progressbar)
236 if downloader is None:
237 downloader = choose_downloader(url, progressbar=progressbar)
--> 239 stream_download(url, full_path, known_hash, downloader, pooch=None)
241 if known_hash is None:
242 get_logger().info(
243 "SHA256 hash of downloaded file: %s\n"
244 "Use this value as the 'known_hash' argument of 'pooch.retrieve'"
(...)
247 file_hash(str(full_path)),
248 )
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pooch/core.py:807, in stream_download(url, fname, known_hash, downloader, pooch, retry_if_failed)
803 try:
804 # Stream the file to a temporary so that we can safely check its
805 # hash before overwriting the original.
806 with temporary_file(path=str(fname.parent)) as tmp:
--> 807 downloader(url, tmp, pooch)
808 hash_matches(tmp, known_hash, strict=True, source=str(fname.name))
809 shutil.move(tmp, str(fname))
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pooch/downloaders.py:220, in HTTPDownloader.__call__(self, url, output_file, pooch, check_only)
218 # pylint: enable=consider-using-with
219 try:
--> 220 response = requests.get(url, timeout=timeout, **kwargs)
221 response.raise_for_status()
222 content = response.iter_content(chunk_size=self.chunk_size)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/requests/api.py:73, in get(url, params, **kwargs)
62 def get(url, params=None, **kwargs):
63 r"""Sends a GET request.
64
65 :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
(...)
70 :rtype: requests.Response
71 """
---> 73 return request("get", url, params=params, **kwargs)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/requests/api.py:59, in request(method, url, **kwargs)
55 # By using the 'with' statement we are sure the session is closed, thus we
56 # avoid leaving sockets open which can trigger a ResourceWarning in some
57 # cases, and look like a memory leak in others.
58 with sessions.Session() as session:
---> 59 return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/requests/sessions.py:589, in Session.request(self, method, url, params, data, headers, cookies, files, auth, timeout, allow_redirects, proxies, hooks, stream, verify, cert, json)
584 send_kwargs = {
585 "timeout": timeout,
586 "allow_redirects": allow_redirects,
587 }
588 send_kwargs.update(settings)
--> 589 resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
591 return resp
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/requests/sessions.py:703, in Session.send(self, request, **kwargs)
700 start = preferred_clock()
702 # Send the request
--> 703 r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
705 # Total elapsed time of the request (approximately)
706 elapsed = preferred_clock() - start
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/requests/adapters.py:700, in HTTPAdapter.send(self, request, stream, timeout, verify, cert, proxies)
696 if isinstance(e.reason, _SSLError):
697 # This branch is for urllib3 v1.22 and later.
698 raise SSLError(e, request=request)
--> 700 raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
702 except ClosedPoolError as e:
703 raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/era5-2mt-2019-03-uk.grib (Caused by NameResolutionError("<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f69a669fe00>: Failed to resolve 'github.com' ([Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution)"))
Let’s create a simple plot of 2-m air temperature in degrees Celsius:
[3]:
ds = ds - 273.15
ds.t2m[0].plot(cmap=plt.cm.coolwarm)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[3], line 1
----> 1 ds = ds - 273.15
2 ds.t2m[0].plot(cmap=plt.cm.coolwarm)
NameError: name 'ds' is not defined
With CartoPy, we can create a more detailed plot, using built-in shapefiles to help provide geographic context:
[4]:
import cartopy.crs as ccrs
import cartopy
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10, 10))
ax = plt.axes(projection=ccrs.Robinson())
ax.coastlines(resolution="10m")
plot = ds.t2m[0].plot(
cmap=plt.cm.coolwarm, transform=ccrs.PlateCarree(), cbar_kwargs={"shrink": 0.6}
)
plt.title("ERA5 - 2m temperature British Isles March 2019")
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[4], line 7
5 ax = plt.axes(projection=ccrs.Robinson())
6 ax.coastlines(resolution="10m")
----> 7 plot = ds.t2m[0].plot(
8 cmap=plt.cm.coolwarm, transform=ccrs.PlateCarree(), cbar_kwargs={"shrink": 0.6}
9 )
10 plt.title("ERA5 - 2m temperature British Isles March 2019")
NameError: name 'ds' is not defined
/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/io/__init__.py:241: DownloadWarning: Downloading: https://naturalearth.s3.amazonaws.com/10m_physical/ne_10m_coastline.zip
warnings.warn(f'Downloading: {url}', DownloadWarning)
Error in callback <function _draw_all_if_interactive at 0x7f69a6969120> (for post_execute), with arguments args (),kwargs {}:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
gaierror Traceback (most recent call last)
File /usr/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py:1319, in AbstractHTTPHandler.do_open(self, http_class, req, **http_conn_args)
1318 try:
-> 1319 h.request(req.get_method(), req.selector, req.data, headers,
1320 encode_chunked=req.has_header('Transfer-encoding'))
1321 except OSError as err: # timeout error
File /usr/lib/python3.13/http/client.py:1338, in HTTPConnection.request(self, method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked)
1337 """Send a complete request to the server."""
-> 1338 self._send_request(method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked)
File /usr/lib/python3.13/http/client.py:1384, in HTTPConnection._send_request(self, method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked)
1383 body = _encode(body, 'body')
-> 1384 self.endheaders(body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)
File /usr/lib/python3.13/http/client.py:1333, in HTTPConnection.endheaders(self, message_body, encode_chunked)
1332 raise CannotSendHeader()
-> 1333 self._send_output(message_body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)
File /usr/lib/python3.13/http/client.py:1093, in HTTPConnection._send_output(self, message_body, encode_chunked)
1092 del self._buffer[:]
-> 1093 self.send(msg)
1095 if message_body is not None:
1096
1097 # create a consistent interface to message_body
File /usr/lib/python3.13/http/client.py:1037, in HTTPConnection.send(self, data)
1036 if self.auto_open:
-> 1037 self.connect()
1038 else:
File /usr/lib/python3.13/http/client.py:1472, in HTTPSConnection.connect(self)
1470 "Connect to a host on a given (SSL) port."
-> 1472 super().connect()
1474 if self._tunnel_host:
File /usr/lib/python3.13/http/client.py:1003, in HTTPConnection.connect(self)
1002 sys.audit("http.client.connect", self, self.host, self.port)
-> 1003 self.sock = self._create_connection(
1004 (self.host,self.port), self.timeout, self.source_address)
1005 # Might fail in OSs that don't implement TCP_NODELAY
File /usr/lib/python3.13/socket.py:840, in create_connection(address, timeout, source_address, all_errors)
839 exceptions = []
--> 840 for res in getaddrinfo(host, port, 0, SOCK_STREAM):
841 af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
File /usr/lib/python3.13/socket.py:977, in getaddrinfo(host, port, family, type, proto, flags)
976 addrlist = []
--> 977 for res in _socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, type, proto, flags):
978 af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
gaierror: [Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
URLError Traceback (most recent call last)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/pyplot.py:279, in _draw_all_if_interactive()
277 def _draw_all_if_interactive() -> None:
278 if matplotlib.is_interactive():
--> 279 draw_all()
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/_pylab_helpers.py:131, in Gcf.draw_all(cls, force)
129 for manager in cls.get_all_fig_managers():
130 if force or manager.canvas.figure.stale:
--> 131 manager.canvas.draw_idle()
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.py:1891, in FigureCanvasBase.draw_idle(self, *args, **kwargs)
1889 if not self._is_idle_drawing:
1890 with self._idle_draw_cntx():
-> 1891 self.draw(*args, **kwargs)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_agg.py:382, in FigureCanvasAgg.draw(self)
379 # Acquire a lock on the shared font cache.
380 with (self.toolbar._wait_cursor_for_draw_cm() if self.toolbar
381 else nullcontext()):
--> 382 self.figure.draw(self.renderer)
383 # A GUI class may be need to update a window using this draw, so
384 # don't forget to call the superclass.
385 super().draw()
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:94, in _finalize_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
92 @wraps(draw)
93 def draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
---> 94 result = draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
95 if renderer._rasterizing:
96 renderer.stop_rasterizing()
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:71, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
68 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
69 renderer.start_filter()
---> 71 return draw(artist, renderer)
72 finally:
73 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/figure.py:3257, in Figure.draw(self, renderer)
3254 # ValueError can occur when resizing a window.
3256 self.patch.draw(renderer)
-> 3257 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
3258 renderer, self, artists, self.suppressComposite)
3260 renderer.close_group('figure')
3261 finally:
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/image.py:134, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
132 if not_composite or not has_images:
133 for a in artists:
--> 134 a.draw(renderer)
135 else:
136 # Composite any adjacent images together
137 image_group = []
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:71, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
68 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
69 renderer.start_filter()
---> 71 return draw(artist, renderer)
72 finally:
73 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py:524, in GeoAxes.draw(self, renderer, **kwargs)
519 self.imshow(img, extent=extent, origin=origin,
520 transform=factory.crs, *factory_args[1:],
521 **factory_kwargs)
522 self._done_img_factory = True
--> 524 return super().draw(renderer=renderer, **kwargs)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:71, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
68 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
69 renderer.start_filter()
---> 71 return draw(artist, renderer)
72 finally:
73 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/axes/_base.py:3210, in _AxesBase.draw(self, renderer)
3207 if artists_rasterized:
3208 _draw_rasterized(self.get_figure(root=True), artists_rasterized, renderer)
-> 3210 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
3211 renderer, self, artists, self.get_figure(root=True).suppressComposite)
3213 renderer.close_group('axes')
3214 self.stale = False
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/image.py:134, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
132 if not_composite or not has_images:
133 for a in artists:
--> 134 a.draw(renderer)
135 else:
136 # Composite any adjacent images together
137 image_group = []
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:71, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
68 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
69 renderer.start_filter()
---> 71 return draw(artist, renderer)
72 finally:
73 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/mpl/feature_artist.py:185, in FeatureArtist.draw(self, renderer)
180 geoms = self._feature.geometries()
181 else:
182 # For efficiency on local maps with high resolution features (e.g
183 # from Natural Earth), only create paths for geometries that are
184 # in view.
--> 185 geoms = self._feature.intersecting_geometries(extent)
187 stylised_paths = {}
188 # Make an empty placeholder style dictionary for when styler is not
189 # used. Freeze it so that we can use it as a dict key. We will need
190 # to unfreeze all style dicts with dict(frozen) before passing to mpl.
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/feature/__init__.py:309, in NaturalEarthFeature.intersecting_geometries(self, extent)
302 """
303 Returns an iterator of shapely geometries that intersect with
304 the given extent.
305 The extent is assumed to be in the CRS of the feature.
306 If extent is None, the method returns all geometries for this dataset.
307 """
308 self.scaler.scale_from_extent(extent)
--> 309 return super().intersecting_geometries(extent)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/feature/__init__.py:112, in Feature.intersecting_geometries(self, extent)
109 if extent is not None and not np.isnan(extent[0]):
110 extent_geom = sgeom.box(extent[0], extent[2],
111 extent[1], extent[3])
--> 112 return (geom for geom in self.geometries() if
113 geom is not None and extent_geom.intersects(geom))
114 else:
115 return self.geometries()
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/feature/__init__.py:291, in NaturalEarthFeature.geometries(self)
289 key = (self.name, self.category, self.scale)
290 if key not in _NATURAL_EARTH_GEOM_CACHE:
--> 291 path = shapereader.natural_earth(resolution=self.scale,
292 category=self.category,
293 name=self.name)
294 geometries = tuple(shapereader.Reader(path).geometries())
295 _NATURAL_EARTH_GEOM_CACHE[key] = geometries
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/io/shapereader.py:306, in natural_earth(resolution, category, name)
302 ne_downloader = Downloader.from_config(('shapefiles', 'natural_earth',
303 resolution, category, name))
304 format_dict = {'config': config, 'category': category,
305 'name': name, 'resolution': resolution}
--> 306 return ne_downloader.path(format_dict)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/io/__init__.py:203, in Downloader.path(self, format_dict)
200 result_path = target_path
201 else:
202 # we need to download the file
--> 203 result_path = self.acquire_resource(target_path, format_dict)
205 return result_path
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/io/shapereader.py:359, in NEShpDownloader.acquire_resource(self, target_path, format_dict)
355 target_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
357 url = self.url(format_dict)
--> 359 shapefile_online = self._urlopen(url)
361 zfh = ZipFile(io.BytesIO(shapefile_online.read()), 'r')
363 for member_path in self.zip_file_contents(format_dict):
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/io/__init__.py:242, in Downloader._urlopen(self, url)
235 """
236 Returns a file handle to the given HTTP resource URL.
237
238 Caller should close the file handle when finished with it.
239
240 """
241 warnings.warn(f'Downloading: {url}', DownloadWarning)
--> 242 return urlopen(url)
File /usr/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py:189, in urlopen(url, data, timeout, context)
187 else:
188 opener = _opener
--> 189 return opener.open(url, data, timeout)
File /usr/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py:489, in OpenerDirector.open(self, fullurl, data, timeout)
486 req = meth(req)
488 sys.audit('urllib.Request', req.full_url, req.data, req.headers, req.get_method())
--> 489 response = self._open(req, data)
491 # post-process response
492 meth_name = protocol+"_response"
File /usr/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py:506, in OpenerDirector._open(self, req, data)
503 return result
505 protocol = req.type
--> 506 result = self._call_chain(self.handle_open, protocol, protocol +
507 '_open', req)
508 if result:
509 return result
File /usr/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py:466, in OpenerDirector._call_chain(self, chain, kind, meth_name, *args)
464 for handler in handlers:
465 func = getattr(handler, meth_name)
--> 466 result = func(*args)
467 if result is not None:
468 return result
File /usr/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py:1367, in HTTPSHandler.https_open(self, req)
1366 def https_open(self, req):
-> 1367 return self.do_open(http.client.HTTPSConnection, req,
1368 context=self._context)
File /usr/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py:1322, in AbstractHTTPHandler.do_open(self, http_class, req, **http_conn_args)
1319 h.request(req.get_method(), req.selector, req.data, headers,
1320 encode_chunked=req.has_header('Transfer-encoding'))
1321 except OSError as err: # timeout error
-> 1322 raise URLError(err)
1323 r = h.getresponse()
1324 except:
URLError: <urlopen error [Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution>
/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/io/__init__.py:241: DownloadWarning: Downloading: https://naturalearth.s3.amazonaws.com/10m_physical/ne_10m_coastline.zip
warnings.warn(f'Downloading: {url}', DownloadWarning)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
gaierror Traceback (most recent call last)
File /usr/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py:1319, in AbstractHTTPHandler.do_open(self, http_class, req, **http_conn_args)
1318 try:
-> 1319 h.request(req.get_method(), req.selector, req.data, headers,
1320 encode_chunked=req.has_header('Transfer-encoding'))
1321 except OSError as err: # timeout error
File /usr/lib/python3.13/http/client.py:1338, in HTTPConnection.request(self, method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked)
1337 """Send a complete request to the server."""
-> 1338 self._send_request(method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked)
File /usr/lib/python3.13/http/client.py:1384, in HTTPConnection._send_request(self, method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked)
1383 body = _encode(body, 'body')
-> 1384 self.endheaders(body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)
File /usr/lib/python3.13/http/client.py:1333, in HTTPConnection.endheaders(self, message_body, encode_chunked)
1332 raise CannotSendHeader()
-> 1333 self._send_output(message_body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)
File /usr/lib/python3.13/http/client.py:1093, in HTTPConnection._send_output(self, message_body, encode_chunked)
1092 del self._buffer[:]
-> 1093 self.send(msg)
1095 if message_body is not None:
1096
1097 # create a consistent interface to message_body
File /usr/lib/python3.13/http/client.py:1037, in HTTPConnection.send(self, data)
1036 if self.auto_open:
-> 1037 self.connect()
1038 else:
File /usr/lib/python3.13/http/client.py:1472, in HTTPSConnection.connect(self)
1470 "Connect to a host on a given (SSL) port."
-> 1472 super().connect()
1474 if self._tunnel_host:
File /usr/lib/python3.13/http/client.py:1003, in HTTPConnection.connect(self)
1002 sys.audit("http.client.connect", self, self.host, self.port)
-> 1003 self.sock = self._create_connection(
1004 (self.host,self.port), self.timeout, self.source_address)
1005 # Might fail in OSs that don't implement TCP_NODELAY
File /usr/lib/python3.13/socket.py:840, in create_connection(address, timeout, source_address, all_errors)
839 exceptions = []
--> 840 for res in getaddrinfo(host, port, 0, SOCK_STREAM):
841 af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
File /usr/lib/python3.13/socket.py:977, in getaddrinfo(host, port, family, type, proto, flags)
976 addrlist = []
--> 977 for res in _socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, type, proto, flags):
978 af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
gaierror: [Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
URLError Traceback (most recent call last)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/IPython/core/formatters.py:402, in BaseFormatter.__call__(self, obj)
400 pass
401 else:
--> 402 return printer(obj)
403 # Finally look for special method names
404 method = get_real_method(obj, self.print_method)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/IPython/core/pylabtools.py:170, in print_figure(fig, fmt, bbox_inches, base64, **kwargs)
167 from matplotlib.backend_bases import FigureCanvasBase
168 FigureCanvasBase(fig)
--> 170 fig.canvas.print_figure(bytes_io, **kw)
171 data = bytes_io.getvalue()
172 if fmt == 'svg':
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.py:2155, in FigureCanvasBase.print_figure(self, filename, dpi, facecolor, edgecolor, orientation, format, bbox_inches, pad_inches, bbox_extra_artists, backend, **kwargs)
2152 # we do this instead of `self.figure.draw_without_rendering`
2153 # so that we can inject the orientation
2154 with getattr(renderer, "_draw_disabled", nullcontext)():
-> 2155 self.figure.draw(renderer)
2156 if bbox_inches:
2157 if bbox_inches == "tight":
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:94, in _finalize_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
92 @wraps(draw)
93 def draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
---> 94 result = draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
95 if renderer._rasterizing:
96 renderer.stop_rasterizing()
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:71, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
68 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
69 renderer.start_filter()
---> 71 return draw(artist, renderer)
72 finally:
73 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/figure.py:3257, in Figure.draw(self, renderer)
3254 # ValueError can occur when resizing a window.
3256 self.patch.draw(renderer)
-> 3257 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
3258 renderer, self, artists, self.suppressComposite)
3260 renderer.close_group('figure')
3261 finally:
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/image.py:134, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
132 if not_composite or not has_images:
133 for a in artists:
--> 134 a.draw(renderer)
135 else:
136 # Composite any adjacent images together
137 image_group = []
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:71, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
68 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
69 renderer.start_filter()
---> 71 return draw(artist, renderer)
72 finally:
73 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py:524, in GeoAxes.draw(self, renderer, **kwargs)
519 self.imshow(img, extent=extent, origin=origin,
520 transform=factory.crs, *factory_args[1:],
521 **factory_kwargs)
522 self._done_img_factory = True
--> 524 return super().draw(renderer=renderer, **kwargs)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:71, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
68 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
69 renderer.start_filter()
---> 71 return draw(artist, renderer)
72 finally:
73 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/axes/_base.py:3210, in _AxesBase.draw(self, renderer)
3207 if artists_rasterized:
3208 _draw_rasterized(self.get_figure(root=True), artists_rasterized, renderer)
-> 3210 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
3211 renderer, self, artists, self.get_figure(root=True).suppressComposite)
3213 renderer.close_group('axes')
3214 self.stale = False
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/image.py:134, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
132 if not_composite or not has_images:
133 for a in artists:
--> 134 a.draw(renderer)
135 else:
136 # Composite any adjacent images together
137 image_group = []
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:71, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
68 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
69 renderer.start_filter()
---> 71 return draw(artist, renderer)
72 finally:
73 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/mpl/feature_artist.py:185, in FeatureArtist.draw(self, renderer)
180 geoms = self._feature.geometries()
181 else:
182 # For efficiency on local maps with high resolution features (e.g
183 # from Natural Earth), only create paths for geometries that are
184 # in view.
--> 185 geoms = self._feature.intersecting_geometries(extent)
187 stylised_paths = {}
188 # Make an empty placeholder style dictionary for when styler is not
189 # used. Freeze it so that we can use it as a dict key. We will need
190 # to unfreeze all style dicts with dict(frozen) before passing to mpl.
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/feature/__init__.py:309, in NaturalEarthFeature.intersecting_geometries(self, extent)
302 """
303 Returns an iterator of shapely geometries that intersect with
304 the given extent.
305 The extent is assumed to be in the CRS of the feature.
306 If extent is None, the method returns all geometries for this dataset.
307 """
308 self.scaler.scale_from_extent(extent)
--> 309 return super().intersecting_geometries(extent)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/feature/__init__.py:112, in Feature.intersecting_geometries(self, extent)
109 if extent is not None and not np.isnan(extent[0]):
110 extent_geom = sgeom.box(extent[0], extent[2],
111 extent[1], extent[3])
--> 112 return (geom for geom in self.geometries() if
113 geom is not None and extent_geom.intersects(geom))
114 else:
115 return self.geometries()
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/feature/__init__.py:291, in NaturalEarthFeature.geometries(self)
289 key = (self.name, self.category, self.scale)
290 if key not in _NATURAL_EARTH_GEOM_CACHE:
--> 291 path = shapereader.natural_earth(resolution=self.scale,
292 category=self.category,
293 name=self.name)
294 geometries = tuple(shapereader.Reader(path).geometries())
295 _NATURAL_EARTH_GEOM_CACHE[key] = geometries
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/io/shapereader.py:306, in natural_earth(resolution, category, name)
302 ne_downloader = Downloader.from_config(('shapefiles', 'natural_earth',
303 resolution, category, name))
304 format_dict = {'config': config, 'category': category,
305 'name': name, 'resolution': resolution}
--> 306 return ne_downloader.path(format_dict)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/io/__init__.py:203, in Downloader.path(self, format_dict)
200 result_path = target_path
201 else:
202 # we need to download the file
--> 203 result_path = self.acquire_resource(target_path, format_dict)
205 return result_path
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/io/shapereader.py:359, in NEShpDownloader.acquire_resource(self, target_path, format_dict)
355 target_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
357 url = self.url(format_dict)
--> 359 shapefile_online = self._urlopen(url)
361 zfh = ZipFile(io.BytesIO(shapefile_online.read()), 'r')
363 for member_path in self.zip_file_contents(format_dict):
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/io/__init__.py:242, in Downloader._urlopen(self, url)
235 """
236 Returns a file handle to the given HTTP resource URL.
237
238 Caller should close the file handle when finished with it.
239
240 """
241 warnings.warn(f'Downloading: {url}', DownloadWarning)
--> 242 return urlopen(url)
File /usr/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py:189, in urlopen(url, data, timeout, context)
187 else:
188 opener = _opener
--> 189 return opener.open(url, data, timeout)
File /usr/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py:489, in OpenerDirector.open(self, fullurl, data, timeout)
486 req = meth(req)
488 sys.audit('urllib.Request', req.full_url, req.data, req.headers, req.get_method())
--> 489 response = self._open(req, data)
491 # post-process response
492 meth_name = protocol+"_response"
File /usr/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py:506, in OpenerDirector._open(self, req, data)
503 return result
505 protocol = req.type
--> 506 result = self._call_chain(self.handle_open, protocol, protocol +
507 '_open', req)
508 if result:
509 return result
File /usr/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py:466, in OpenerDirector._call_chain(self, chain, kind, meth_name, *args)
464 for handler in handlers:
465 func = getattr(handler, meth_name)
--> 466 result = func(*args)
467 if result is not None:
468 return result
File /usr/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py:1367, in HTTPSHandler.https_open(self, req)
1366 def https_open(self, req):
-> 1367 return self.do_open(http.client.HTTPSConnection, req,
1368 context=self._context)
File /usr/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py:1322, in AbstractHTTPHandler.do_open(self, http_class, req, **http_conn_args)
1319 h.request(req.get_method(), req.selector, req.data, headers,
1320 encode_chunked=req.has_header('Transfer-encoding'))
1321 except OSError as err: # timeout error
-> 1322 raise URLError(err)
1323 r = h.getresponse()
1324 except:
URLError: <urlopen error [Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution>
<Figure size 1000x1000 with 1 Axes>
Finally, we can also pull out a time series for a given location easily:
[5]:
ds.t2m.sel(longitude=0, latitude=51.5).plot()
plt.title("ERA5 - London 2m temperature March 2019")
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[5], line 1
----> 1 ds.t2m.sel(longitude=0, latitude=51.5).plot()
2 plt.title("ERA5 - London 2m temperature March 2019")
NameError: name 'ds' is not defined